![]() The common vehicle interior equipped with steering wheel, dashboard, and forward-facing seats can be adapted accordingly. This allows occupants to do various activities during the drive. Highly automated vehicles (HAVs) of SAE Level 4 or 5 (SAE International, 2018) become realistic with advanced technologies and are able to perform the driving task independently. ![]() An increase of the seatback rotational stiffness helps reduce brain and chest injury metrics, while neck injury values are higher for the stiffer seatback. However, the reclining does affect the interaction among the occupant, seatbelt, and seatback. A reclining of the seatback angle leads to no significant increase of the injury risk for the assessed injury values. Results: The seat model shows a large seatback rotation angle during the frontal crash scenario with high impact speed. The varied parameters included the seatback angle, impact speed, and seatback rotational stiffness. Method: Twelve finite element simulations using a series production seat model and a state of the art 50th percentile male human body model were conducted to investigate the influences of various parameters on the occupant kinematics and injury risk. The occupant safety needs to be addressed in these novel seating configurations, as novel occupant loading conditions occur and the current standards as well as regulations are not fully applicable. A reclined and rearward-facing seating position could become one of the popular seating positions. With those preliminaries out of the way, in the next video we move on to representing the orientation of a rigid body.Introduction: The availability of highly automated driving functions will vastly change the seating configuration in future vehicles. If you align the thumb of your right hand with the axis of rotation, positive rotation is the direction that your fingers curl. Positive rotation about an axis is defined by the right-hand rule. Even if the body is moving, when we talk about the body frame, we mean the stationary frame coincident with the frame attached to the body at a particular instant in time. In this book, all frames are considered to be stationary. The configuration of the body is given by the position of the origin of the body frame and the directions of the coordinate axes of the body frame, expressed in the space-frame coordinates. If I want to represent the position and orientation of a body in space, I fix a frame to the body and fix a frame in space. You can create a right-handed frame using your right hand: your index finger is the x-axis, your middle finger is the y-axis, and your thumb is the z-axis. All frames are right-handed, which means that the cross product of the x and y axes creates the z-axis. A frame consists of an origin and orthogonal x, y, and z coordinate axes. Rigid-body configurations are represented using frames. This approach may be new to you if you haven't taken a course in three-dimensional kinematics before. In other words, our representation of a configuration will not use a minimum set of coordinates, and velocities will not be the time derivative of coordinates. As discussed in the last chapter, we'll use implicit representations of configurations, considering the C-space as a surface embedded in a higher-dimensional space. In Chapter 3, we learn representations of configurations, velocities, and forces that we'll use throughout the rest of the book.
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